Isaac Scientific Publishing

Journal of Advances in Economics and Finance

Do the Business Cycles and Financial Cycles Move Together in Turkey?

Download PDF (443.5 KB) PP. 19 - 26 Pub. Date: May 8, 2018

DOI: 10.22606/jaef.2018.32001

Author(s)

  • Bekir Tamer Gökalp*
    Independent Researcher and Deputy Manager at Odeabank, Turkey

Abstract

In this paper, we analysed the relationship between the financial and business cycles for the Turkish economy. The quarterly data covers from 2002:Q1 to 2017:Q1. In the paper, we employed HP filter, the concordance index method and dynamic conditional correlation method in order to capture the characteristics of the relationships of the cycles. Our empirical findings showed that the financial and business cycles are highly synchronized in Turkey as found by many economists. The results also indicate that the credit volume cycle is leading the GDP cycle while the GDP cycle is lagging the BIST100 cycle. These findings imply that financial variables have strong impact on real economic activities in Turkey. Therefore, policymakers should pay attention to the financial issues in order to stabilize the economic developments.

Keywords

Synchronization, HP filter, business cycle, financial cycle, CI, DCCs

References

[1] Adrian, T.; Estrella, A.; Shin, H. S., 2010. “Monetary Cycles, Financial Cycles, and the Business Cycle.” Staff Report Federal Reserve Bank of New York 421:1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1532309

[2] Akkoyun H., ?., Do?an, ?.B. and Günay, M., 2014. “Business Cycle Synchronization of Turkey with the Eurozone and the United States: What Has Changed Since 2001?” Emerging Markets Finance and Trade. 50(4):26-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/REE1540-496X500402

[3] Akyar, S. 2016. “Financial and Business Cycle Synchronization in Turkey” Middle Eastern Finance and Economics. 18:19-34.

[4] Alp, H., Ba?kaya, Y. S., Kilinc, M., & Yüksel, C. (2011). Estimating optimal Hodrick-Prescott filter smoothing parameter for Turkey. Iktisat Isletme ve Finans, 26(306), 09-23.

[5] Artis, M., Chouliarakis, G. and Harischandra, P., 2011. “Business Cycle Synchronization since 1880.” Manchester School, 79(2): 173–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.2010.02239.x

[6] Asea, P.K. and Blomberg, B., 1998. “Lending Cycles.” Journal of Econometrics. 83: 89-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(97)00066-3

[7] Avouyi-Dovi, S. and Matheron, J., 2005. “Interactions between Business Cycles, Financial Cycles and Monetary Policy: Stylised Facts.” BIS Papers 22: 273-298.

[8] Ayuso, J., D. Pérez and Saurina, J., 2004. “Are Capital Buffers Procyclical? Evidence from Spanish Panel Data.” Journal of Financial Intermediation. 13:249-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1042-9573(03)00044-5

[9] Besomi, D., 2006. “Tendency to Equilibrium, the Possibility of Crisis, and the History of Business Cycle Theories.” History of Economic Ideas 14(2): 53–104.

[10] Borio, C., 2014. “The financial cycles and macroeconomics: What have we learnt?” Journal of Banking & Finance. 45:182-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.07.031

[11] Borio, C., Disyatat, P., and Juselius, M., 2013. “Rethinking Potential Output: Embedding Information from the Financial Cycle.” BIS Working Paper. February 404:1-29.

[12] Bry, G. and Boschan, C. 1971. “Cyclical analysis of time series: selected procedures and computer Programs.”NBER Books. New York, Columbia University Press.

[13] Candelon, B., Piplack, J., & Straetmans, S., 2008. “On Measuring Synchronization of Bulls and Bears: The Case of East Asia.” Journal of Banking & Finance, 32(6): 1022-1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2007.08.003

[14] Christiano, L. J., Motto, R., and Rostagno, M., 2010. “Financial Factors in Economic Fluctuations.” European Central Bank Working paper Series. 1192: 1-91.

[15] Claessens, S., Kose, M.A., and Terrones, M.E., 2011a. “Financial Cycles: What? How? When?” IMF Working Paper. WP/11/76: 1-36.

[16] Claessens, S., Kose, M.A., and Terrones, M.E., 2011b. “How Do Business and Financial Cycles Interact?” IMF Working Paper WP/11/88:1-54.

[17] Claessens, S., Kose, M.A., Terrones, M.E., 2012. “How Do Business and Financial Cycles Interact?” Journal of International Economics. 87: 178-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.11.008

[18] Drehmann, M., Borio, C. E., & Tsatsaronis, K., 2012. “Characterizing the Financial Cycle: Don't Lose Sight of the Medium Term.” BIS Working Papers 380:1-31.

[19] Duval, M. R. A., Cheng, M. K. C., Oh, K. H., Saraf, R., and Seneviratne, M. D., 2014. “Trade Integration and Business Cycle Synchronization: A Reappraisal with Focus on Asia.” IMF Working Paper WP/14/52:1-45.

[20] Egert, B. and Sutherland, D., 2012. “The Nature of Financial and Real Business Cycles: The Great Moderation and Banking Sector Pro-Cyclicality,” OECD Economics Department Working Papers. 938:1-40.

[21] Fisher, I., 1933. “The Debt-Deflation Theory of the Great Depressions”. Econometrica 1: 337–357. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1907327

[22] G?chter, M., Riedl, A., and Ritzberger-Grünwald, D., 2012. “Business Cycle Synchronization in the Euro Area and the Impact of the Financial Crisis.” Monetary Policy & the Economy, 2: 33-60.

[23] Giannone, D., M. Lenza and L. Reichlin. 2009. “Business Cycles in the Euro Area.” Working Paper series. February 1010:1-37.

[24] Harding, D. and Pagan, A., 2002b. “A Comparison of two Business Cycle Dating Methods.” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control. 27: 1681-1690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1889(02)00076-3

[25] Harding, D. and Pagan, A., 2006. “Synchronisation of Cycles.” Journal of Econometrics, 132:59-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2005.01.023

[26] Harding, D. and Pagan, P., 2002a, “Dissecting the Cycle: A Methodological Investigation,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 49:365-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(01)00108-8

[27] Hodrick, R.J., Prescott, E.C., 1997. “Postwar U.S. Business Cycles: an Empirical Investigation.” Journal of Money Credit and Banking. 29(1): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2953682

[28] Kalemli-?zcan, ?. Papaioannou, E. and Peydro, J.L. 2009. “Financial Integration and Business Cycle Synchronization.” CEPR Discussion Paper. DP7292: 1-12.

[29] Kang, M., 2011. Leading and lagging relationship in international business cycles, Mimeo, Fudan University. 1-47.

[30] Keynes, J. M., 1936. The general theory of employment interest and money. Moggridge, D.E. (Ed.), Vol. VII, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes (1973).

[31] Massmann, M. and Mitchell. J., 2004. “Reconsidering the Evidence: Are Eurozone Business Cycles Converging?”Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis. 1(3): 275–308.

[32] Morgan, D. P., Rime, B. and Strahan, P. E., 2004. “Bank Integration and State Business Cycles.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(3): 1555–1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0033553042476161

[33] Ng, T., 2011. “The Predictive Content of Financial Cycle Measures for Output Fluctuations.” BIS Quarterly Review. June:53–65.

[34] Schularick, M. and Taylor, A.M., 2009. “Credit Booms Gone Bust: Monetary Policy, Leverage Cycles and Financial Crises 1870-2008.” NBER Working Papers 15512:1-36.

[35] Woodford, M., 2010.Globalization and monetary control. Galí, J., Gertler, M. (Eds.), International Dimensions of Monetary Policy, NBER Conference Volume. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226278872.003.0002

[36] Engle, R.F., 2002. “Dynamic Conditional Correlation: A New Simple Class of Multivariate GARCH Models.” Journal of Business and Economic Statistics. 20: 339–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/073500102288618487

[37] Seo, J. H., Park, S. Y., & Yu, L. (2009). The analysis of the relationships of Korean outbound tourism demand: Jeju Island and three international destinations. Tourism Management, 30(4), 530-543.